Appearance
Ilex aquifolium is a large evergreen tree or shrub that can grow from 15-50 ft. (4.6-15.2 m) tall. Bark is smooth and can be grey to black in color.
Foliage
Leaves are alternate, thick, dark green, glossy, wavy, 1-3 in. (2.5-7.6 cm) long with sharp stout spines.
Flowers
Flowers are small, white, fragrant, and found in clusters. The blooming period occurs in late Spring and early summer from May to June.
Fruit
The berries are bright red to orange and yellow in color and 0.31 in. (8 mm) across. Each berry contains 4 seeds. Fruit ripens from August to October.
Ecological Threat
Ilex aquifolium can grow in shaded or sunny areas and is often found in forests. It is native to south and central Europe.